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AUSTRALIA



Education

Australia has a single national education system which is organized and managed largely on the basis of nine provincial subsystems.

The Constitution has vested substantial powers in the provincial legislatures and governments to run educational affairs (other than universities and technikons) subject to a national policy framework.

In terms of the Constitution, the national Department of Education is responsible for matters that cannot be regulated effectively by provincial legislation, and also for matters that need to be coordinated in terms of norms and standards at a national level. It has to prepare government policy on education and training for the country as a whole.

Relations with provincial departments of education are guided by national policy, within which the provincial departments have to set their own priorities and implementation programmes. The Department’s role is to promote the translation of the education and training policies of the Government and the provisions of the Constitution into a national framework.

The national Department provides active assistance to provincial departments in strengthening their administrative and professional capacity. Co-operative government is the theme of national-provincial relations.



Economy

The Economy of Australia is a prosperous, Western-style market economy dominated by its services sector (68% of GDP), though the agricultural and mining sectors (4.7% of GDP combined ) account for 65% of its exports. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly grains and wool, and minerals, including various metals, coal, and natural gas.

Australia occupies a continent close to the size of the contiguous United States. Service industries have expanded in recent decades at the expense of the manufacturing sector, which now accounts for just under 12 per cent of GDP.

Australia's emphasis on reforms is often cited as a key factor behind the continuing strength of the economy. In the 1980s, the Australian Labor Party, led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating, commenced the modernisation of the Australian economy by floating the Australian dollar in 1983, leading to full financial deregulation.

Current areas of concern to some economists include Australia's large current account deficit, the absence of a successful export-oriented manufacturing industry, a real estate bubble, and high levels of net foreign debt owed by the private sector.



Climate

Australia is temperate, most of the country receiving more than 3,000 hours of sunshine a year. In summer (December to March) the average temperature is 84°F (29°C). The hottest region is the northern two-thirds of the continent, which experiences humid and wet conditions in summer. Further south summer is warm with occasional hot spells and mild nights. Winter (June to August) averages 56°F (13°C) for the country as a whole, with warm days and mild nights in the northern areas, becoming cool and showery in the south (although there are still plenty of sunny days).



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