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GREAT BRITAIN

Education

A British education is second to none. We lead the world in cutting-edge research opportunities, internationally recognised degrees and relevant, high-quality, high-standard training. I am delighted that over 800,000 international students are finding this out for themselves.

But we want even more people to be aware of these opportunities. In June 1999, we announced the start of a worldwide campaign to increase the number of international students in Britain. We set a new target of attracting 75,000 extra students to Britain by 2005. To make this possible, we have made studying in this country more affordable and more welcoming.

International students no longer need to obtain permission to work, so they can earn extra money while studying in Britain. A student can work part-time for up to 20 hours a week during term time and full-time during vacations. And if the course runs for a year or more, the student’s dependants can now work in Britain, even if they here for less than a year.

We have also introduced simplified entry procedures for United Kingdom visa holders and are making the visa service more user-friendly for students. International students can now expect to have straightforward visa applications dealt with within 24 hours, and non-straightforward applications within 10 days.

Studying in Britain will not only give students a thorough understanding of the subject but also analytical abilities and problem solving skills that are much prized by employers.

The chance to improve their language skills is bringing many students to this country. English is the language of commerce, of the Internet, of global communication and of medicine. We are proud that 750 million people world-wide have now learnt our language. That English is becoming a lingua franca means that students who have studied here are in demand all over the world.

Economy

Great Britain is one of the world's leading industrialized nations. It has achieved this position despite the lack of most raw materials needed for industry. The country also must import about 40% of its food suplies. Thus, its prosperity has been dependent upon the export of manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials and foodstuffs. Within the manufacturing sector, the largest industries include machine tools; electric power, automation, and railroad equipment; ships; motor vehicles and parts; aircraft; electronic and communications equipment; metals; chemicals; petroleum; coal; food processing; paper and printing; textiles; and clothing.

During the 1970s and 80s, nearly 3.5 million manufacturing jobs were lost, but in the 1990s over 3.5 million jobs were created in service-related industries. By the late 1990s, banking, insurance, business services, and other service industries accounted for two thirds of the GDP and employed almost 70% of the workforce. This trend was also reflected in a shift in Great Britain's economic base, which has benefited the southeast, southwest, and Midlands regions of the country, while the north of England and Northern Ireland have been hard hit by the changing economy.

The main industrial and commercial areas are the great conurbations, where about one third of the country's population lives. The administrative and financial center and most important port is Greater London, which also has various manufacturing industries. London is Europe's foremost financial city. Metal goods, vehicles, aircraft, synthetic fibers, and electronic equipment are made in the West Midlands conurbation, which with the addition of Coventry roughly corresponds to the former metropolitan county of West Midlands. The industrial Black Country and the city of Birmingham are in the West Midlands. Greater Manchester has cotton and synthetic textiles, coal, and chemical industries and is a transportation and warehousing center. Liverpool, Britain's second port, along with Southport and Saint Helens are part of the Merseyside conurbation. Leeds, Bradford, and the neighboring metropolitan districts are Britain's main center of woolen, worsted, and other textile production. The Tyneside-Wearside region, with Newcastle upon Tyne as its center and Sunderland as a main city, has coal mines and steel, electrical engineering, chemical, and shipbuilding and repair industries.

The South Wales conurbation, with the ports of Swansea, Cardiff, and Newport, was traditionally a center of coal mining and steel manufacturing; coal mining has declined sharply, however, in many parts of the region. Current important industries also include oil refining, metals production (lead, zinc, nickel, aluminum), synthetic fibers, and electronics. In Scotland, the region around the River Clyde, including Glasgow, is noted for shipbuilding, marine engineering, and printing as well as textile, food, and chemicals production. The Belfast area in Northern Ireland is a shipbuilding, textile, and food products center.

Great Britain has abundant supplies of coal, oil, and natural gas. Production of oil from offshore wells in the North Sea began in 1975, and the country is self-sufficient in petroleum. Other mineral resources include iron ore, tin, limestone, salt, china clay, oil shale, gypsum, and lead.

About 25% of Britain's land is arable, and almost half is suitable for meadows and pastures. Its agriculture is highly mechanized and extremely productive; barley, wheat, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, and vegetables are the main crops. The widespread dairy industry produces milk, eggs, and cheese. Beef cattle and large numbers of sheep, as well as poultry and pigs, are raised throughout much of the country. There is also a sizable fishing industry, with cod, haddock, mackerel, whiting, trout, salmon, and shellfish making up the bulk of the catch.

The country's chief exports are manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, and transport equipment. The chief imports are manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished and consumer goods, and foodstuffs. Since the early 1970s, Great Britain's trade focus has shifted from the United States to the European Union, which now accounts for over 50% of its trade. Germany, the United States, France, and the Netherlands are the main trading partners, and the Commonwealth countries are also important.

Climate

England has a maritime temperate climate which means that it's quite mild, with temperatures not much lower than 0ºC in winter and not much higher than 32ºC in summer.

Unfortunately it also means it's damp and often subject to frequent changes. English people often complain about their weather.

The best time to visit England is from May to September. Spring time in England is a magical time; temperatures rise, but the landscape still remains green and fresh. July and August are the hottest months, but unfortunately the wettest too. In September and October the temperatures drop slightly, but the fantastic autumnal colours and low lying sun more than make up for it. January and February are the coldest months and there's often snow on highland areas, especially in Scotland.

List of Universities in GREAT BRITAIN