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MEXICO

Education

Primary education is free and compulsory for all children through the age of 15. Parochial schools were legalized in 1991. Secondary schools emphasize vocational and technical training. Although adult illiteracy has been a major problem, successful government campaigns have raised the literacy rate from less than 50 percent in the early 1940s to more than 92 percent of people aged 15 or older in the late 1980s.

Elementary and Secondary Schools
Each year in the late 1980s some 14.7 million pupils attended about 82,100 primary schools in Mexico, and approximately 4.4 million students attended about 19,100 secondary schools. Vocational and teacher-training schools were about 6500, and they enrolled nearly 2.2 million students.

Universities and Colleges
Mexico has more than 1400 institutions of higher education, which together enrolled some 1.8 million students annually in the late 1980s. Among the notable universities are the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1551) and the National Polytechnic Institute (1936), both in Mexico City; the University of Guadalajara (1792); the Autonomous University of Puebla (1937); Veracruz University (1944) in Jalapa; and the Institute of Technical and Advanced Studies of Monterrey (1943).

Economy

Mexico reflects a shift from a primary-production economy, based on mining and agriculture, to a semi-industrialized nation. Economic achievements are the result of a vigorous private enterprise sector and government policies that have made economic growth a predominant objective. Traditionally, the government also emphasized Mexicanization of industry, and local control of companies engaged in mining, fishing, transportation, and exploitation of forests was required by law. More recently, however, foreign investment in new enterprises has been actively encouraged, and government controls on some sectors of the economy have been loosened.

Mexico's gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 6.5 percent annually during the period from 1965 to 1980 but only 0.5 percent yearly during 1980 to 1988. Weak oil prices, rising inflation, a foreign debt of more than $100 billion, and worsening budget deficits exacerbated the nation's economic problems in the mid-1980s, although the economic picture brightened toward the end of the decade. In 1992 the GDP was $324.29 billion. The annual budget included $107 billion in revenue and $122 billion in expenditure.

Climate

Mexico is bisected by the Tropic of Cancer; therefore, the southern half is included in the Torrid Zone. In general, climate varies with elevation. The tierra caliente (hot land) includes the low coastal plains, extending from sea level to about 914 m (about 3000 ft). Weather is extremely humid, with temperatures varying from 15.6° to 48.9° C (60° to 120° F). The tierra templada (temperate land) extends from about 914 to 1830 m (about 3000 to 6000 ft) with average temperatures of 16.7° to 21.1° C (62° to 70° F). The tierra fría (cold land) extends from about 1830 to 2745 m (about 6000 to 9000 ft). The average temperature range is 15° to 17.2° C (59° to 63° F). The average temperatures in Mexico City for the months of January and July are 12.6° C (55° F) and 16.1° C (61° F), respectively. The average temperatures in Monterrey for the same months are 14.4° C (58° F) and 27.2° C (81 ° F). The rainy season lasts from May to October. Although sections of southern Mexico receive about 990 to 3000 mm (about 39 to 118 in) of rain a year, most of Mexico lacks adequate rainfall. Rainfall averages less than 635 mm (25 in) annually in the tierra templada, about 460 mm (about 18 in) in the tierra fría, and about 254 mm (about 10 in) in the semiarid north. Annual precipitation averages for Mexico City and Monterrey are 747 mm (30 in) and 588 mm (23 in), respectively.

List of Universities in MEXICO